"The moving camera can function in a variety of ways and, when used in a long take, is uniquely able to depict uninterrupted stretches of time and space. Camera movement may follow objects in transit within the frame, or may act independently; it may reveal off screen space, or deliberately suppress access to space; it may objectively witness events, or suggest the subjective perspective of a character; it may advance the narrative, develop themes, or create patterns; and it may contribute to kinetic or rhythmic effects. Fluid camera movement within shots sustained for unusually long periods of time can not only serve as an alternative to editing, but can also punctuate changes in narrative action within the shot and participate in formal patterning across the entirety of a film" - Click HERE to read more.
Static Camera: To not distract viewers from an interesting movement or significant moment within the film, it is suggested to keep the camera completely still. This is also essential when showing important details and facial expression so that the footage is crisp and clear.
Moving Subjects: The way that people move across camera reinforces a variety of different meanings. For instance, moving closer to the camera builds character involvement or signifies an increase in threat. Subjects moving from left to right (and vise-versa) help to convey a sense of journey, travelling from one place to another. Moreover, diagonals play a big party within this; a character moving upwards from left to right expresses that they're overcoming a challenge and also represents them as rather heroic. This is witnessed in 'Rocky' when he is running up the steps of the Lincoln Memorial at 1:58.
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On the other hand, moving diagonally downwards, feelings of disorder and defeat is conveyed.
Moving the Camera
If there is nothing of great interest within a shot, movement helps make the film looks more intriguing, add intensity or reveal things to the audience.
Crane: An mechanical arm that aids in airborne dolly shots. This is able to move in any direction and sweep from extreme high angles.
Tilt: Vertical movements around a stationary horizontal axis. A tilt can be used to exaggerate spatial and psychological relationships.
Pans: These shots scan a scene horizontally as well as providing a sense of space and connectedness between people.
Dolly: A mobile platform that supports the camera which can be used for a point of view shot that captures a sense of movement.
Zoom: A zoom can be used to plunge into or out of a scene.
Hand Held: Can generate a shaky effect, effective at conveying emotions such as anger and confusion.
Aerial: These shots are from above and help to allude at a sensation of freedom, euphoria or trepidation.
